Given that the objective of present study is to investigate the relationship between mathematics motivation with math anxiety in deaf students, in this chapter the theories and history of academic motivation entitled "Theoretical principles and research background" are discussed. The most common category of deafness is that, it divides the patients into two groups, "deaf" and "hearing impaired". This category is relatively simple except when experts present different definitions of it. There are usually two types of deafness (Halahan and Kaufman, 1997). Deafness is more tangible than unvocalness and the heaviness of loss of this important human feeling appears better in this way (Pakzad, 1997). It should be noted that there is a close relationship between hearing loss and mental retardation in language development. One of the most important factors in learning is the valuable components such as goal orientation, interest and importance to duty and other factors are such as expectations components, self-efficacy, beliefs, attributions and control beliefs (Pintrich, 1999).